Basic UPS Power Supply
Description
This circuit is a simple form of the commercial UPS, the circuit provides a
constant regulated 5 Volt output and an unregulated 12 Volt supply. In the event
of electrical supply line failure the battery takes over, with no spikes on the
regulated supply.
Notes:
This circuit can be adapted for other regulated and unregulated voltages by
using different regulators and batteries. For a 15 Volt regulated supply use two
12 Volt batteries in series and a 7815 regulator. There is a lot of flexibility
in this circuit.
TR1 has a primary matched to the local electrical supply which is 240 Volts in
the UK. The secondary winding should be rated at least 12 Volts at 2 amp, but
can be higher, for example 15 Volts. FS1 is a slow blow type and protects
against short circuits on the output, or indeed a faulty cell in a rechargeable
battery. LED 1 will light ONLY when the electricity supply is present, with a
power failure the LED will go out and output voltage is maintained by the
battery. The circuit below simulates a working circuit with mains power applied:
Between terminals VP1 and VP3 the nominal unregulated supply is available and a
5 Volt regulated supply between VP1 and VP2. Resistor R1 and D1 are the charging
path for battery B1. D1 and D3 prevent LED1 being illuminated under power fail
conditions. The battery is designed to be trickle charged, charging current
defined as :-
(VP5 - 0.6 ) / R1
where VP5 is the unregulated DC power supply voltage.
D2 must be included in the circuit, without D2 the battery would charge from the
full supply voltage without current limit, which would cause damage and
overheating of some rechargeable batteries. An electrical power outage is
simulated below:
Note that in all cases the 5 Volt regulated supply is maintained constantly,
whilst the unregulated supply will vary a few volts.
Standby Capacity
The ability to maintain the regulated supply with no electrical supply depends
on the load taken from the UPS and also the Ampere hour capacity of the battery.
If you were using a 7A/h 12 Volt battery and load from the 5 Volt regulator was
0.5 Amp (and no load from the unregulated supply) then the regulated supply
would be maintained for around 14 hours. Greater A/h capacity batteries would
provide a longer standby time, and vice versa.
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