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Immunological reversal of autoimmune diabetes
without hematopoietic replacement of beta cells Suri A
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Department of Pathology and
Immunology, Washington
University School of
Medicine,
St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. anish@pathology.wustl.edu
Type 1
diabetes mellitus results from
the autoimmune destruction of
the beta cells
of the pancreatic
islets of Langerhans and is
recapitulated in the nonobese
diabetic strain of mice. In an
attempt to rescue islet loss,
diabetic mice were made
normoglycemic by
pancreatic islet
cell transplantation from
normal mice and immunization
with Freund's (Freund's
Complete Adjuvant (FCA),
a mixture of a non-metabolizable
oil (mineral oil), a surfactant
(Arlacel A), and mycobacteria
(M. tuberculosis or M. butyricum)
has been used for many years to
enhance immunologic responses to
antigens, and even today is
considered to be one of the most
effective adjuvants. It is
prepared as a water-in-oil
emulsion by combining one volume
FCA with one volume aqueous
antigen solution. In the
emulsion, Ag is distributed over
a large surface area thereby
increasing the potential for
interaction with relevant cells.
Antibody production is enhanced
by FCA primarily because of: a)
the depot effect and b)
nonspecific immunopotentiation
of macrophages by surfactant and
the mycobacteria. )
 complete adjuvant
along with multiple injections
of allogeneic male splenocytes.
(A splenocyte can be any one of the
different white blood cell types as long as it is situated in the
spleen or purified from splenic tissue) This treatment allowed for
survival of transplanted islets
and recovery of endogenous beta
cell function in a proportion of
mice, but with no evidence
for allogeneic splenocyte-derived
differentiation of new islet
beta cells. Control
of the
autoimmune disease at a crucial
time in diabetogenesis can
result in recovery of beta cell
function. From the NIH CIDPUSA |