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Behcet's Disease
Hippocrates may have been the first physician to describe this
disease, several centuries B.C. In the 1930's, a Turkish
dermatologist, Hulusi Behcet, noted the triad of aphthous oral
ulcers, genital lesions, and recurrent eye inflammation, and became
the first physician to describe the disease in modern times. Another
name for Behcet’s Disease is Behcet’s syndrome.
Who gets Behcet's Disease (the “typical”
patient)?
Behcet’s disease is most common along the “Old Silk Route”, which
spans the region from Japan and China in the Far East to the
Mediterranean Sea, including countries such as Turkey and Iran.
Although the disease is rare in the United States, sporadic cases do
occur in patients who would not appear to be at risk because of
their ethnic backgrounds (e.g., in Caucasians or African–Americans).
The disease is not rare in regions along the Old Silk Route, but the
disease’s epidemiology is not well understood. In Japan, Behcet’s
disease ranks as a leading cause of blindness. Below is a magnetic
resonance image (MRI) study of a Behcet's patient demonstrating
central nervous system involvement (white matter changes in the pons).
What causes it?
Behcet's disease, an autoimmune response where the immune system
turns on the body, causes inflammation of parts of the body. In
particular, small blood vessels around the body become inflamed, a
condition known as vasculitis.
The cause of Behcet's remains unknown, but it's often preceded by
a viral infection, for example, which may trigger the autoimmune
process, causing the body to attack its own blood vessels and making
them inflamed. Experts in the field of Behcet's research agree the
causes may be genetic.
Life for people with Behcet's is made more difficult because of
misunderstandings about the illness. With the appearance of ulcers
on the mouth and genitals, it's often incorrectly assumed the
condition is infectious and sexually transmitted - it's not either
of these.
What are the symptoms?
Symptoms vary depending on which part of the body is affected by
vasculitis.
Almost all of those with Behcet's suffer recurrent painful mouth
ulcers that can make eating extremely difficult. Recurrent genital
ulceration, inflammation of the eye (called uveitis) and skin
lesions, such as an acne-like rash and red bumpy nodules (called
erythema nodosum), occur.
If the joints are affected, then painful arthritis occurs and can
cause severe disability. Sometimes the nerves and brain are
affected, leading to impaired balance, speech and memory loss.
Symptoms come and go. Some people's symptoms flare up every few
weeks or months, while others may go for years without problems.
Recurrent pain, fever and tiredness cause a great deal of
fatigue. It's also easy for someone with a disease that lasts a
lifetime and has no cure to also become depressed. Emotional support
and understanding are essential and often provided through self-help
groups.
Who's affected?
Although Behcet's can affect people of any age and has been
diagnosed in young infants and people over the age of 70, it most
commonly affects those between the ages of 20 and 40.
In western Europe and North America, more women are affected than
men. However, in the 'silk route' countries of the Mediterranean
Middle East and Far East, men are affected more often than women.
How is it diagnosed?
No specific test can diagnose Behcet's and its symptoms all have
other possible causes. It needs a great deal of awareness to
recognise the pattern of symptoms that, pieced together, may
indicate Behcet's.
Tests are used to rule out other conditions that cause similar
symptoms. A special skin-prick test can be performed that, if
positive, adds more weight to Behcet's being the correct diagnosis.

ORAL ULCER OF BEHCET
What's the treatment?
There's no cure for Behcet's yet, but research continues and
treatment is available to keep inflammation and symptoms at bay.
Treatment depends on which part of the body's affected and the
severity of the symptoms. In general, topical steroids may be used
for the ulcers and drops for eye inflammation. In more severe cases,
oral steroids or immunosuppressant drugs may be used. Painkillers
and anti-inflammatory medicines can relieve pain. |