Catfish, when interfered with, produce three barbed spines which stick out at right angles from the back and side fins. (It is not the whisker-like sense organs around their mouths which cause the damage.)
Stings from all these fish are painful and can lead to collapse and even death in exceptional circumstances. The venom in the spines remains active for days, so discarded spines and even refrigerated specimens should be treated with caution.
The stonefish's lifestyle makes this, the most venomous fish in the world, particularly dangerous to unwary humans. Lying on the seabed, looking exactly like an encrusted rock, it waits for small fish and shrimps to swim by and then, with lightning speed, opens its mouth and sucks them in. The whole ambush has been timed at just 0.015 seconds.
Vulnerable to bottom-feeding sharks and rays, it has developed a defence - a row of unlucky 13 venomous spines along its back. It is, in fact, the victim who injures him/herself. Each stonefish spine is encased in a sheath containing bulging venom glands. Downward pressure on the spine causes the sheath to be pushed back, the venom from the pressurised glands shooting forcefully up grooves on the surface of the spine into the deepest part of the wound. (It takes a few weeks for the glands to regenerate and recharge.)
Victims become frantic with pain which lasts for hours. Temporary paralysis, shock and even death may result. Stonefish may be found from exposed sand and mud in tidal inlets to depths of 40m. Prevention involves wearing thick-soled shoes and treading gently - spines may penetrate soles if a stonefish is jumped on. Also, take care when turning over 'rocks'.
