|
Type 1 Diabetes page-2
return to page one
A diagnosis of diabetes:
A diagnosis of diabetes is made when any three of these
tests is positive, followed by a second positive test on
a different day:
- Fasting plasma glucose of greater than or equal
to 126 mg/dl with symptoms of diabetes.
- Casual plasma glucose (taken at any time of the
day) of greater than or equal to 200 mg/dl with the
symptoms of diabetes.
- Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) value of
greater than or equal to 200 mg/dl measured at a
two-hour interval. The OGTT is given over a
three-hour timespan.
What complications may be associated with type 1
diabetes?
Type 1 diabetes can cause different problems, but there
are three key complications:
- Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar; sometimes
called an insulin reaction) occurs when blood sugar
drops too low.
- Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) occurs
when blood sugar is too high, and can be a sign that
diabetes is not well controlled.
- Ketoacidosis (diabetic coma) is loss of
consciousness due to untreated or under-treated
diabetes.
Treatment for type 1 diabetes:
Specific treatment will be determined by your
physician(s) based on:
- your age, overall health, and medical history
- extent of the disease
- your tolerance for specific medications,
procedures, or therapies
- expectations for the course of the disease
- Please see the diet chapter
for management, and do not eat bread see the celiac
section.
- See the
electronic treatment, By yseing these electronic
units the viral load on the body is reduced and many
people have become fully functional.
People with type 1 diabetes must have daily
injections of insulin to keep the blood sugar level
within normal ranges. Other parts of the treatment
protocol may include:
- appropriate foods to manage blood sugar level.
- exercise to lower and help the body use blood
sugar.
- regular blood testing for blood-sugar levels.
- regular urine testing for ketone levels.
We consider diabetes a autoimmune disease. Caused by
antibodies against the insulin producing beta
islet cells.
|
J Clin Virol. 2005 Jun;33(2):158-67. |
|
Simultaneous type 1 diabetes onset in
mother and son coincident with an enteroviral infection.
Maria H, Elshebani A, Anders O, Torsten T, Gun F.
Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska
Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Enterovirus (EV) infections have been implicated in the
development of type 1 diabetes. (T1D). They may cause
beta-cell destruction either by cytolytic infection of
the cells or indirectly by triggering the autoimmune
response. Virus was isolated from a woman at diagnosis
of T1D (Tuvemo 1) and in addition, virus was isolated
from her son at diagnosis of T1D at the same day (Tuvemo
2). None of the isolates could initially be serotyped by
conventional methods. The Tuvemo 1 virus was genotyped
and after sub-cultivation it was also serotyped as
Coxsackievirus B5. The mother revealed antibodies
against GAD65. The boy and the father both revealed a
significant increase in neutralization antibody titre
against two strains of CBV-4, clearly indicating a
recent or ongoing EV infection. In addition, the brother
showed such a titre rise against another CBV-4 strain
(E2) and against a CBV-5 strain (4429). These results
show that the whole family had a proven EV infection at
the time of T1D diagnosis of the mother and the
10-years-old boy, indicating that the infection might
cause or accelerate the T1D.
PMID: 15911432 [PubMed - in process]
Islet cell related antibodies and
type 1 diabetes associated with echovirus 30 epidemic: A
case report.
Cabrera-Rode E, Sarmiento L, Molina G, Perez C,
Arranz C, Galvan JA, Prieto M, Barrios J, Palomera R,
Fonseca M, Mas P, Diaz-Diaz O, Diaz-Horta O.
Department of Immunology of Diabetes, National Institute
of Endocrinology, Havana, Cuba.
Type 1 diabetes associated genes account for less than
50% of disease susceptibility. Human enteroviruses have
been implicated as environmental factors that might
trigger and/or accelerate this autoimmune disorder. We
now report of a 12-year-old girl that developed
pancreatic autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes after
enteroviral infection. Diabetes-associated autoimmunity
was evaluated by measurement of several islet cell
related autoantibodies. Neutralizing antibodies to
different enteroviruses were determined in the case and
eight children suffering from aseptic meningitis during
a large scale epidemic. Several types of
diabetes-associated antibodies were detected
post-infection in the adolescent with newly diagnosed
type 1 diabetes, including islet cell antibodies (ICA)
and tyrosine phosphatase antibodies (IA2A). ICA but not
IA2A appeared in the non-diabetic enterovirus-infected
subjects. Based on virological studies, type 1 diabetes
pathogenesis process could have been triggered by
echovirus 30 infections. This study provides the first
evidence of an association between echovirus 30
infection with the presence of pancreatic autoimmunity
and type 1 diabetes. Our data suggest that echovirus 30
Cuban strain could be considered a potentially
diabetogenic enteroviral variant. J. Med. Virol.
76:373-377, 2005. (c) 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
PMID: 15902705 [PubMed - in process]
Studies on diabetic polyneuropathy patients with IVIg
|
