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Neurology Anatomy Physiology

December 14, 2021

Contents

neurons and Nerves
neurotransmitter
The Brain & Spinal Cord
Cranial Nerves
Peripheral Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
Senses: Eye diagrams, Hearing, Smell, Taste, Taste & Tongue Sensation, Balance
Memory , Memory types, Creation of Memory
Higher Functions
Altered States

Memory

As shown in Figure 03a, the ability to modify our behaviour in response to life's experiences is shared by all animals including the bacteria E. coli. Such feat requires the brain's willingness to learn. Learning results in the formation of memories and in humans this process reaches its most sophisticated form, allowing us creatively to associate different reflections on the past, to generate new ideas, and most importantly to acquire language as a medium of expression and communication. Memory requires the brain to be physically altered by experience and it is this remarkable property that makes thought, consciousness, and language possible. The basic mechanism of memory formation is highly conservative over

Figure 24a Memory Classification
[view large image]

billion years of biological evolution. The difference in humans is that we have a lot more of the stuffs. There are about 100 trillion synaptic connections in our brain.

 

There are many ways to classify the memory. The concept of explicit and implicit memory refers to whether or not the recollection is produced consciously and intentionally. While the scheme of declarative and nondeclarative memory depend on the retrieval that can be declared verbally or not. Associative memory is triggered by clues; nonassociative memory can be habitual or sensitive. There are also short term and long term memory. One of the classification schemes is shown in Figure 24a. Table 06 is an attempt to put them all together. In the table, the declarative, and the procedural memory are explicit with the rest of nondeclarative memories being implicit. Only the working memory belongs to the category of short term memory fading away in hours, while the others are long term, and available for retrieval in years. Figure 24b shows the components,

Figure 24b Types of Memory [view large image]

locations, and pathways for many types of memory.

 

Type	Location(s)	Function	Example(s)
Working Memory
Phonological Loop	Left hemisphere	Rehearsing verbal information to keep it in the short-term memory	String of numerals and alphabets such as telephone numbers
Visual-spatial Scratch Pad	Visual Cortex	Controlling visual imagery	Scanning text
Central Executive	Frontal lobe	Controlling awareness of the information in working memory	Constructing sentence, comprehending speech
Non-declarative Memory
Procedural Memory	Cerebellum, temporal lobes	Managing "how to"	Riding a bicycle, kungfu exercise
Classical Conditioning	Cerebellum	Forming habitual behaviour	Coffee break, afternoon tea
Fear Memory	Amygdala	Emotional conditioning	Phobias, flashbacks
Nonassociative Memory	Spinal cord	Habituation and Sensitization	Decreased or increased responsiveness to stimulus
Remote Memory (Priming)	Scattered around the cortex	Foundation for new memories	Childhood memory
Declarative Memory
Episodic Memory	Cortex	Remembering past experience	Some enchanted evening
Semantic Memory	Frontal lobe, temporal lobe	Registering facts	Meanings of words and symbols

Table 06 Types of Memory

• Working Memory continued on next page

Go to the nervous system

 

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